在本文中，我们将学习如何在面包板上制作Arduino。我们还将看到什么是Arduino，如何对其进行编程以及如何在面包板或PCB上作为独立微控制器组装它们。
Arduino was a boon for those who wanted to learn microcontrollers and embedded system for non-engineers and beginner in microcontroller.
Before arduino came into existence, beginners had to learn microcontroller with expensive kits and some of them coded the microcontroller in Assembly language, which is a terrible language and not all understood them.
Arduino was a total game changer, which is cheap and coding can be written in higher languages like C++, and the programmer need not to be a pro in coding
什么是Arduino？（对于菜鸟）
Arduino is an open source prototyping board which is made around ATmega328P; it has 14 GPIO (general purpose input output) pins, out of which 6 pins has capability to do analogue functions, all the 14 pins has the capability to digital functions.
A USB 2.0 type B placed right corner of arduino (depending on how you place) for powering and burn programs to microcontroller. A reset switch is placed left upper corner of arduino board for restarting the program within the arduino itself.
TheArduino董事会已内置程序员，通过USB将程序燃烧到Atmega328p微控制器。提供了单独的直流插孔，用于从7V到12V的外部电压源为Arduino供电（内置电压调节器）。
Arduino的一些规格：
- 操作电压：USB上的5V和DC Jack上的7-12V。
- Digital I/O pins: 14 (6 of which can do PWM operations)
- 模拟输入引脚：6
- Flash memory for storing program: 32KB
- RAM: 2KB
- EEPROM: 1KB
- 时钟速度：16MHz
- DC输出电流PIN：20mA
Note: The above specification is only applicable for ATmega328P based arduino microcontroller.
如何在面包板上做一个：
如果您的项目的原型已经完成，并且您想在项目框中永久使用它？实际上，您无需将整个笨重的Arduino板放入您的项目框中。
ATmega328P with few external components is enough to execute the program and control the peripherals that you connected with the microcontroller.
The arduino board is used to burn the program to microcontroller and provide some protection against the glitches that we make during prototyping.
图表：
Once the project is complete you may pluck out ATmega328P and connect few external components as shown in diagram and you may solder it to PCB to make it permanent.
对于您的下一个项目，您无需购买新的Arduino董事会，而是可以购买Atmega328p和其他其他外部，它们具有成本效益，并使您的项目更加紧凑。
How to Program ATmega328P when it is on breadboard:
方法1：
Atmega328p是Arduino董事会本身，最简单，最懒惰的方式。插入Atmega328p，燃烧您的程序并将其拔出，然后将其插入您的项目。
This method is adaptable when your project has 28 pin IC holder (so that ATmega328P can be removed easily) and the ATmega328P is easily accessible.
Here is how to do it:
下载Arduino Ide Form Arduino的官方网站，然后在计算机上安装。
更新计算机上Arduino板的驱动程序（如果您使用的是基于Linux的计算机，则无需执行）。
Insert ATmega328P on arduino board in right direction and make sure it has bootloader.
Select “Tools” > “Board”> “Arduino/Genuino UNO”
Plug the arduino to your PC and select right port for your arduino (vary computer to computer. Select “Tools”> “port”).
Compile the program and click the upload button.
Remove ATmega328P and insert it on your project.
方法2：
如果你经常re-program单片机nd hardware of your project is inaccessible, then this method is best for your project, especially when ATmega328P is soldered directly on PCB.
注意：确保在进行之前断开外部电路的电源；我们将向Arduino Board供电Atmega328p。
Diagram:
Select “Tools” > “Board”> “Arduino/Genuino UNO”
Plug the arduino to your PC and select right port for your arduino (vary computer to computer. Select “Tools”> “port”).
Compile the program and click the upload button.
sir,can i used capacitor C1-10,000uf and 63v istead of 25v and also what am i used instead of choke 2mh its not available in market easily can imake its on bolt to do more turns on it.
Zahid，您指的是哪个电路？
先生，请告诉我感应Heatar，我使用了一个2UF和400V电容器储罐，而不是6 330NF，还可以在20转的Iron Core上扼杀2MH的障碍，但在市场上缺乏可用性，但电路不起作用，然后IAM做什么。
Zahid，不，您不会这样做，您必须完全按照文章的建议进行。
请在相关文章中发表评论
Sir can I able to burn 40 pin with the same circuit by using breadboard with arduino uno
Vijay, I am not sure about it, Mr. GR will be able to answer this, hopefully soon.
嗨，维杰，
您能详细说明您的问题吗？
感谢您的回复先生。我的问题是使用Arduino Uno，我们可以对ATMEGA328进行编程，即28引脚微控制器。根据您的上述教程配置，我可以使用Arduino Uno在40 PIN ATMEGA32中上传该程序。希望您现在可以理解我的问题。
Hi vijay,
不，你不能。上面的文章仅专用于Atmega328p。如果您对Atmega32进行相同的操作，则最终会出现错误。使用适当的程序员上传Atmega32的代码。您可以使用Arduino Uno板对Atmega8和Atmega16进行编程，以及其他一些微控制器，而不是上述原理图，但是您可以在Internet周围找到示意图。
Best Regards.
sir i have a circuit which has a led and ita blink at for on and off for 500ms continue .
我想利用LED终端的OFF信号，然后将其馈送到Arduino。
这样做会影响电路的性能或导致效果吗？
Hi Gurmel, you can extract the frequency from the LED, it will have no impact on the LED operation, but make sure to use a transistor buffer in the middle having a high resistor with the base, this resistor can connected with the LED for the extraction.
sir can i didn't understand about these thing buffer etc . can u plz share step viz circuit for it like 1ohm resitoor to base of that particular transitior and all that .
PLZ提供组件详细信息，我将非常感谢。
LED是逆变器中用于各种适应症的那些。
I think using an opto coupler will be a better idea than a transistor.
you can employ the first circuit from this article:
//www.addme-blog.com/2013/02/how-to-to-drive-relay-through-opto-coupler.html
remove the relay and use the collector for feeding the Arduino, replace the 12V supply with 5V.
the opto LED with a 10K resistor can be then connected with the external blinking LED
sir is there any time dealy relay mean to say that
lets say a sytem gives signal to that time delay relay than that start a timer and than give a output signal to operate a small 5 v relay after ,settled time ie. ex after 1 hour or 45min.
嗨，古尔梅尔，对于第一个计时器，您可以使用以下电路
//www.addme-blog.com/2013/02/make-this-simple-delay-on-circuit.html
then attach the relay to switch ON the next timer which can be an timer circuit such as a 4060 timer
您使用IC 555发送的链接也可以使用…。