The Atmel AVR Atmega32 is a low power CMOS based microcontroller chip manufactured on the AVR advanced RISC architecture. It is featured for carrying out technologically powerful instructions within each of its clock cycles.
该芯片还配备了实现以每MHz为1mips的吞吐量的能力，使系统管理器能够实现功耗与处理速度的有效或最佳比率。
Understanding the Pinout Functions
The various pinouts of this advanced MCU unit may be understood from the folowing data:
Vcc= It's the Supply voltage pin of the IC compatible with digital IC supply voltage (5V)
GNDrefers to "ground" should be connected to the negative rail of the supply.
端口A（PA7 ... PA0）: Here port A facilitates in the form of analogue inputs for the A/D converters. This port may be also used as an 8-bit bi-directional Input/Output port, only when the A/D converter is excluded from being used.
Port pins are facilitated with in-built pull-up resistors (each bit being assigned).
缓冲输出的端口还提供了良好的平衡且对称的驱动特性，包括高水槽和源能力。
当将PA0和PA7跨的引脚分配为输入并在外部进行逻辑低时，一旦内部上拉电阻得到了通电，它们就会开始采购电流。
All the above discussed pinouts are tri-stated when the reset is triggered (even without the clocks being activated), tri-state refers to three types of conditions which the IC is able to produce: high, low, and non-responsive or open.
Port B (PB7...PB0): Basically, just like Port A, this Port also is an bi-directional 8 bit input/output port featured with internal pull-up resistors (configured for each bit). The drive characteristics assigned to to Port B buffered pins are equipped with both high sinking and sourcing attributes.
When used as inputs, these pins source current when these are puled low by the external circuit stage due to the internal pull-up resistors being activated. The Port B pins are also designated with a tri-state feature.
Apart from the above, Port B pins could be also used for implementing special features, as included in Atmega32, these are listed in the following table:
Port C (PC7...PC0): Port C pinouts also enjoy the various characteristics features enabled for the Port A and Port B.
However, apart from the identical features of port A and B, the internal pull-up resistor for Port C pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) all become activated even during a reset action in case when JTAG interface is toggled.
Additionally Port C also carries out the function of JTAG interface and other specified features of ATmega32 as shown in the below table:
Port D (PD7..PD0): Again just like the above ports, the fundamental current sinking and sourcing characteristics of Port D is exactly the same.
However when used alternately these pins may be used for enforcing special ATmega32 functions which may be studied through the following table:
重置：顾名思义，可以简单地在此处应用低逻辑脉冲来完成重置或迫使IC恢复其功能的重置或迫使IC恢复其功能的重置的最小长度不必较小的指定脉冲长度，但是IC。任何比这更短的东西都不能保证重置措施。
下表表示最小重置脉冲长度适用：
XTAL1：可用于锁存到给定的频率，并在反相放大器的输入引脚和内部时钟产生电路的输入中启用完美的频率响应。
XTAL2: Just as above this may be configured across output pinout of the inverting oscillator amplifier
AREF：它是指为内部A/D转换器阶段分配的模拟参考引脚
can 8 bit output be sent through atmega 16